NATCHEZ NATURALIST
NEWSLETTER:

This week I took the new fieldguide and my binoculars down to the Field Pond and here are the three dragonfly species I managed to identify with certainty after about an hour of watching:

• The Common Whitetail, LIBELLULA LYDIA, a 1.7-inch long (4.3 cm), black-and-white, chunky species abundant from coast-to-coast. When it's chilly it faces the sun and raises its abdomen to increase its body temperature. The males compete with one another and the one who can fly vertical loops around his opponent wins. You can see a Common Whitetail at http://bigsnestpond.net/Lists/WHITET.JPG

• Blue Corporal, LIBELLULA DEPLANATA, a 1.4-inch long (3.6 cm), pale blue, thick-bodied species mostly of the US Southeast. At the base of each wing appear two narrow, brown streaks (a corporal's stripes). Males patrol along banks, often hovering. You can see one at http://stephenville.tamu.edu/~fmitchel/dragonfly/photo/ldep_1m2.htm

• Eastern Pondhawk, ERYTHEMIS SIMPLICICOLLIS, a 1.7- inch long (4.3 cm) dragonfly with a slender, blue abdomen that turns green at the thorax (chest area), and with a green head. The abdomen ends with two, tiny white points (cerci) -- a good fieldmark. Found in most of the eastern and central US, this is one of our most ferocious species, even attacking members of its own species. Sometimes it lets humans and other large animals flush its game. The males defend territories of about 5 square yards and enter into contests in which one following another flies under and up in front of the leader, then the new follower does the same to the new leader, and this maneuvering may continue up to a dozen times. You can see one at www.biology.duke.edu/dnhs/pics/Erythemis_simplicicollis.JPG

You can review and order the "Dragonflies with Binoculars" fieldguide at the fifth link from the top on my "Books about Insects" page at www.backyardnature.net/amazon/insects_.htm

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THE WORLD OF DRAGONFLIES
Now that I'm sensitized to dragonflies, I look for them every day the way I do for birds, and every day I discover little things about them. What an interesting, even surreal, world they live in!

First of all, during complete metamorphosis among insects, the immature stage has a very different appearance from the adult stage. For example, butterflies undergo complete metamorphosis, and you know how different the caterpillar stage is from the winged butterfly. Dragonflies, instead of undergoing complete metamorphosis, experience simple metamorphosis, during which the immature stage is similar to the adult dragonfly, except that it is wingless, and aquatic -- it lives completely underwater. The immature aquatic stage is known as a nymph and you can view some good close-ups of one at www.mybitoftheplanet.com/wildlife/garden2003/july/cast0307.html

Over 300 North American dragonfly species occur in North America, displaying endless variations in habitat preference, mating rituals and life cycles. Some of the strangest aspects of the dragonfly's life cycle relate to its parasites. Dragonfly eggs are parasitized by very tiny wasps that fly underwater to find the eggs. Other parasitic wasps have been seen riding on certain dragonflies waiting for eggs to be laid. A certain biting gnat sucks blood from dragonfly wing veins, even while the dragonfly is flying.

Other behavior to watch for is BASKING in sunlight on cold days, WING-WHIRRING to warm the wings and keep them at peak efficiency, and OBELISKING, or raising the abdomen high to collect less sunlight and keep the body cool. Some dragonflies allow breezes to lift their wings flaglike while others glide on their widened hindwings.

By the way, low-powered binoculars that can focus up close are far better for dragonfly watching than powerful ones. Wing venation is very important in dragonfly identification, and I highlight the most important venation features to look for on my Odonata page at www.backyardnature.net/odonata.htm

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CRANEFLY LARVA
Until fairly recently, finding and wondering about the weird world of aquatic insect larvae in neighborhood streams was a time-honored, character-building exercise for most kids. I remember the flush of fear and fascination accompanying the discovery of my own first dragonfly larva, in a ditch back in Kentcky.

Some young people still have streams in which to poke around so the other day Joe in Kingsport, Tennessee sent me a picture of "a couple of strange aquatic insect like 'worms' that my neighbor's Daughter and her friend caught in a creek behind her house. ... I am concerned if they are dangerous to them and others, so a prompt answer would be appreciated."

The picture showed cranefly larvae, and of course few things in nature are more harmless than craneflies, despite the adults looking like impossibly large mosquitoes. In North America we have nearly 1,500 cranefly species, and most of their larvae live in water or moist soil, and typically feed on decaying plant material.

You can see a cranefly larva at the bottom of my Diptera Page at www.backyardnature.net/diptera.htm  

Anyone who occasionally piddles in little streams tends to run into all kinds of aquatic mysteries, many of which are larvae of the Diptera (the taxonomic order containing flies, mosquitoes, gnats, etc.). A useful, illustrated online key to Diptera larvae is at www.unb.ca/fredericton/science/biology/Invertebrate_key/Diptera/Diptera_key_NB.htm

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"JUNEBUG" INVASION
A couple of Newsletters ago I mentioned awakening one morning to the sound of large beetles thumping against my satellite-dish solar cooker. Since then, these beetles' numbers have greatly increased. Now at the crack of dawn they're not only bouncing against my cooker but also my aluminum trailer and the barn's shiny tin roof. For several minutes each morning, just as the sky is turning pale, about 10-20 feet above the ground, at any given moment, a look in any direction shows 5-10 beetles flying fast toward the north, away from the woods. Biking to my jogging road, for a moment I'm also heading north, and as I travel the same fast speed they are flying, what a weird experience to look around and see so many insects suspended around me like brown, whirring planets.

I'm not at all sure what kind of beetles they are and what such vast numbers mean. The average person would call these 3/5-inch long (15mm) beetles "Junebugs," but their feet aren't shaped right for that and, in the world of insect identification, foot and mouth anatomy is very important. Earlier I suggested that they are some kind of "Shining Leaf-Chafer," and that's still my best bet. However, if you discount their curious foot anatomy, and add the fact that they are covered with a silvery bloom, or "pruinosity," they look just like the June Bug shown at www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/misc/images/junebg.jpg

The larval stage of this whole group of beetles is a thick, short, white grub known by anyone who digs much in the soil. These grubs mainly eat plant roots, so I would say that during upcoming months a great deal of root eating will be done around here. If these beetles ate tent caterpillars, which also are super-abundant here now, things might balance out a bit.

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BARN OWL PELLET
A few newsletters ago I mentioned spotting some Barn Owls at one of the property's barns. The other day I found a pellet near there, which surely had been upchucked by one of the owls. You can see it in the "Owl Pellets" sidebar about halfway down my "Bird Digestion" page at www.backyardnature.net/birdguts.htm

In that scanning you can see that the pellet is nearly 2 inches long and consists of slender bones enmeshed in a ball of fur and feathers. The idea behind owl pellets is that by spitting up a prey's bones, teeth, feathers and the like, the owl's stomach doesn't need to digest them. Other birds of prey, such as hawks, also produce pellets, but the owl's digestive juices are less acidic than those of other birds of prey, so spitting up pellets makes more sense.

Several hours after an owl eats, indigestible material collects in the owl's gizzard where it is compressed into a pellet the same shape as the gizzard. Once formed, the pellet moves up from the gizzard to the front end of the stomach where it remains for up to 10 hours before coming up. An owl can't eat while a fully formed pellet blocks its digestive track. When an Owl is ready for the pellet to come out, it usually closes its eyes, gets a funny luck in its face, doesn't want to fly, finally opens its beak, and the pellet simply drops out.

Owl pellet dissection is a favorite biology-class activity. In PDF format, the Carolina Biological Supply Company provides an online "Owl Pellet Bone Chart" for identifying bones in owl pellets, at www.carolina.com/manuals/manuals8/Owl_Pellet_Bone_Chart.pdf

An online "Owl Pellet Study Kit" for teachers having an owl pellet is available, also in PDF format, at www.carolina.com/manuals/manuals8/Owl_Pellet_Study_Kit_tm.pdf

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ONLINE BIRDCALLS
Sometimes it's hard to remember the calls of birds from season to season, and usually you hear birds more than you see them. A good bookmark to have on your computer's browser is the USGS's "Bird Song Display List" at www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/songwav.html

You hear a bird, think you know which species it is but you're not sure, so you fire up the computer and go to the above link, and there you see a long list of bird names. Using your browser's "find" feature you locate the name on the list and click it. Most computers will then automatically load the appropriate audio file and you'll hear the bird's song. If you have a slow modem, it can take a minute or more for the file to load. You can test your computer's ability to digests the birdcalls on that page by going to the following link, for the Scarlet Tanager's call: www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/htmwav/h6080so.wav

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THIS WEEK'S MIGRATING BIRDS
Here's this week's list, compiled on Friday, April 9th, on a partly cloudy, perfect spring morning:

WINTER RESIDENTS PREPARING TO LEAVE

10 Ruby-crowned Kinglet
2 Orange-crowned Warbler
1 Swamp Sparrow

SUMMER RESIDENTS JUST ARRIVED

1 Ruby-throated Hummingbird
4 Wood Thrush
2 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
1 Great Crested Flycatcher
4 Barn Swallow
3 Rough-winged Swallow
13 Red-eyed Vireo
11 White-eyed Vireo
1 Yellow-throated Vireo
2 Black-and-white Warbler
10 Hooded Warbler
1 Kentucky Warbler
1 Prairie Warbler
1 Yellow-throated Warbler
1 Northern Paruls
6 Yellowthroat
2 Orchard Oriole
1 Blue Grosbeak
1 Indigo Bunting

TRANSIENTS (just passing through)

none

PERMANENT RESIDENTS (individual birds may migrate)

3 Turkey Vulture
1 Red-shouldered Hawk
1 Eastern Bluebird
1 Eastern Meadowlark
2 Red-winged Blackbird
7 Brown-headed Cowbird
8 Eastern Towhee

The migrants are just flooding in, and you just never know when one of the more uncommon species will pop up, such as the Orange-crowned Warbler. I am very worried that I'm seeing so few thrushes. I've read that this group is especially affected by habitat destruction in tropical America, and the clearcutting of our national forests here does not help matters.

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NEATNESS AS ABOMINATION
A fellow in the vicinity has been busy this week bulldozing the trees and bushes from a ditch running across his large, flat, grassy field. Someone remarked to me how wonderful it is that "things are getting cleaned up around here, really looking neat now."

Let it be known that when it comes to neatening up the landscape for neatness' sake, what I see is habitat destruction, and there's nothing neat about it.

Above I use the word "abomination" advisedly. I am aware of the word's religious connotations, for many of us never see that word except in the Bible, where many things are classed as "abominations before the Lord." I use the word not in a religious context, but in a spiritual one, and in my opinion the destruction of life-giving habitat purely for the sake of appealing to the local community's concept of "neatness" is abomination before the spirit of the Creator.

For, when you look into the Universe and at the web of life on our little Earth, you see plainly that the Creator blossoms diversity out of nothingness, evolves sophistication out of awkwardness, and leaves strands of interdependency among all things. Whatever in spirit goes against this grand and beautiful theme of the Creator is "abomination."

The bushes and trees along that little ditch across the field provided a tiny island of habitat for a gorgeous diversity of living beings. A thriving local ecosystem of mutually dependent living things existed in an ocean of ecologically unstable monoculture grass. It was a polyphonic song sung in a desert.

And its destruction for the sake of neatening up the landscape is an abomination.